The Philippines is organized into 1,488 municipalities and 149 cities, serving as the crucial link between the province and the barangay in the country’s system of local governance. These units are not only centers of administration but also hubs for trade, services, and community life.
Historical Development
The idea of local towns and cities can be traced back to the Spanish colonial era, when settlements were clustered into pueblos (towns). Each pueblo functioned as both an administrative seat and a religious mission center. Over time, more prosperous and populous pueblos evolved into cities.
After the Philippines gained independence, these local units were given a stronger legal framework. Their modern form is guided by the Local Government Code of 1991, which defines their powers, responsibilities, and the processes for their creation.
Creation of Municipalities and Cities
Municipalities are typically established through legislation or ordinances, while Cities are created through an Act of Congress. In both cases, the change requires ratification by the local population through a plebiscite.
Structure of Local Government
- A Mayor (chief executive)
- A Vice Mayor
- A legislative council — Sangguniang Bayan (for municipalities) or Sangguniang Panlungsod (for cities)
They are tasked with local policymaking, infrastructure development, social services, and economic planning. Cities generally have broader fiscal autonomy and receive higher revenue allocations compared to municipalities.
Economic Landscape
Wealthiest Municipality: Until its cityhood in 2023, Carmona, Cavite held the title of richest municipality based on income. Today, industrial and commercial centers such as Mariveles, Bataan and Sto. Tomas, Batangas are among the most prosperous municipalities.
Wealthiest City:Makati City consistently leads as the richest city, being the nation’s premier financial hub with its concentration of banks, multinational firms, and upscale commercial districts. Other highly developed cities include Quezon City, Pasig, and Taguig, all located within Metro Manila’s economic core.